In research, what does external validity refer to?

External validity is fundamentally about the generalizability of research findings beyond the specific conditions under which the study was conducted. When external validity is high, it indicates that the conclusions drawn from the study can be applied to other settings, populations, times, or situations, thereby enhancing the applicability of the research. This is crucial because researchers often want to know not just what happens in a specific experiment, but whether those findings hold true in the real world or in different contexts.

In contrast to other aspects of research design, which may focus on internal processes or details specific to the study itself, external validity emphasizes how widely and effectively the results can influence broader understanding or practices. This makes it fundamental for evaluative research and practical applications across various fields, such as psychology, education, or health sciences. Thus, the correct choice highlights the essential aspect of this concept in research methodology.